Discussion:Salafisme djihadiste
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Déplacement de citations (en anglais et en mode invisible) présentes dans l'article[modifier le code]
Bonjour, j'ai fait quelques mise en forme et je constate la présence de citations (non traduites) et en mode invisible. Puisque cela ne me paraît pas opportun (je rappelle au passage les wiki:règles relatives aux citations mais aussi le Droit de courte citation) : en effet, ces citations sont masquées (donc alourdissent l'article). Pour cette raison, je les déplace ici - faute de les supprimer purement et simplement.
(Non traduit. Est-ce que ça en vaut la peine? )
The group Takfir wal-Hijra, who kidnapped and murdered an Egyptian ex-government minister in 1978, inspired some of "the tactics and methods" used by Al Qaeda.(une référence incorrecte ("BLivesey"))
In Afghanistan the Taliban were of the Deobandi not Salafi school of Islam but "cross-fertilized" with bin Laden and other Salafist-Jihadis.[1]
Seth Jones of the Rand Corporation argues that Salafi-jihadist numbers and activity have increased not decreased from 2007 to 2013. According to his research:
- the number of Salafi-jihadist groups increased by over 50% from 2010 to 2013, using Libya and parts of Syria as sanctuary.
- the number of Salafi jihadist fighters "more than doubled from 2010 to 2013" using both low and high estimates. The war in
Syria was the single most important attraction for Salafi-jihadist fighters.
- attacks by al Qa’ida–affiliated groups (Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham, al Shabaab, Jabhat al-Nusrah, and al Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula
- despite al-Qaeda's traditional focus on the "far enemy" (US and Europe), approximately 99 percent of the attacks by al Qaeda and its affiliates in 2013 were against “near enemy” targets (in North Africa, the Middle East, and other regions outside of the West).(une référence incorrecte (jones-sum)
(Non traduit. Est-ce que ça en vaut la peine? )
Leaders, groupes et activités[modifier le code]
(Non traduit. Est-ce que ça en vaut la peine? )
- Leaders and development
"Theoreticians" of Salafist Jihadism included Afghan jihad veterans such as the Palestinian Abu Qatada, the Syrian Mustafa Setmariam Nasar, the Egyptian Mustapha Kamel, known as Abu Hamza al-Masri.[2] Osama bin Laden was its most well-known leader. The dissident Saudi preachers Salman al-Ouda and Safar Al-Hawali, were held in high esteem by this school.
Murad Al-shishani of the The Jamestown Foundation states there have been three generations of Salafi-jihadists: those waging jihad in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Iraq. As of the mid-2000s, Arab fighters in Iraq were "the latest and most important development of the global Salafi-jihadi movement".[3] These fighters were usually not Iraqis, but volunteers who had come to Iraq from other countries, mainly Saudi Arabia. Unlike in earlier Salafi jihadi actions, Egyptians "are no longer the chief ethnic group".[3] According to Bruce Livesey Salafist jihadists are currently a "burgeoning presence in Europe, having attempted more than 30 terrorist attacks among E.U. countries" from September 2001 to the beginning of 2005"[4].
According to Mohammed M. Hafez, in Iraq jihadi salafi are pursuing a "system-collapse strategy" whose goal is to install an "Islamic emirate based on Sunni dominance, similar to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan." In addition to occupation/coalition personnel they target mainly Iraqi security forces and Shia civilians, but also "foreign journalists, translators and transport drivers and the economic and physical infrastructure of Iraq."[5].
Groups[modifier le code]
Salafist jihadists groups include Al Qaeda,[6] the now defunct Algerian Armed Islamic Group (GIA),[7] and the Egyptian group Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya which still exists.
In the Algerian Civil War 1992-1998, the GIA was one of the two major Islamist armed groups (the other being the Armee Islamique du Salut or AIS) fighting the Algerian army and security forces. The GIA included veterans of the Afghanistan jihad and unlike the more moderate AIS, fought to destabilize the Algerian government with terror attacks designed to "create an atmosphere of general insecurity".[8] It considered jihad in Algeria fard ayn or an obligation for all (adult male sane) Muslims,[8] and sought to "purge" Algeria of "the ungodly" and create an Islamic state. It pursued what some (Gilles Kepel) called a "wholesale massacres of civilians", targeting French-speaking intellectuals, foreigners,[8] and Islamists deemed too moderate, and took a campaign of bombing to France, which supported the Algerian government against the Islamists. Although over 150,000 were killed in the civil war,[9] the GIA eventually lost popular support and was crushed by the security forces.[10] Remnants of the GIA continued on as "Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat", which as of 2015 calls itself al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.[11]
Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, (the Islamic Group) another Salafist-Jihadi movement[12] fought an insurgency against the Egyptian government from 1992-1998 during which at least 800 Egyptian policemen and soldiers, jihadists, and civilians were killed. Outside of Egypt it is best known for a November 1997 attack at the Temple of Hatshepsut in Luxor where fifty-eight foreign tourists were hacked and shot to death. The group declared a ceasefire in March 1999,[13] although as of 2012 it is still active in jihad against the Bashar al-Assad regime Syria.[12]
Perhaps the most famous and effective Salafist jihadist group was Al-Qaeda.[14] Al-Qaeda evolved from the Maktab al-Khidamat (MAK), or the "Services Office", a Muslim organization founded in 1984 to raise and channel funds and recruit foreign mujahideen for the war against the Soviets in Afghanistan. It was established in Peshawar, Pakistan, by Osama bin Laden and Abdullah Yusuf Azzam. As it became apparent that the jihad had compelled the Soviet military to abandon its mission in Afghanistan, some mujahideen called for the expansion of their operations to include Islamist struggles in other parts of the world, and Al Qaeda was formed by bin Laden on August 11, 1988.[15][16] Members were to making a pledge (bayat) to follow one's superiors.[17] Al-Qaeda emphasized jihad against the "far enemy", i.e. the United States. In 1996, it announced its jihad to expel foreign troops and interests from what they considered Islamic lands, and in 1998, it issued a fatwa calling on Muslims to kill Americans and their allies whenever and wherever they could. Among its most notable acts of violence were the 1998 bombings of US embassies in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi that killed over 200 people;[18] and the 9/11 attacks of 2001 that killed almost 3000 people and caused many billions of dollars in damage.
According to Mohammed M. Hafez, "as of 2006 the two major groups within the jihadi Salafi camp" in Iraq were the Mujahidin Shura Council and the Ansar al Sunna Group.[5] There are also a number of small jihadist Salafist groups in Azerbaijan.[19]
The group leading the Islamist insurgency in Southern Thailand in 2006 by carrying out most of the attacks and cross-border operations,[20] BRN-Koordinasi, favours Salafi ideology. It works in a loosely-organized strictly clandestine cell system dependent on hard-line religious leaders for direction.[21],[22]
Jund Ansar Allah is, or was, an armed Salafist jihadist organization in the Gaza Strip. On August 14, 2009, the group's spiritual leader, Sheikh Abdel Latif Moussa, announced during Friday sermon the establishment of an Islamic emirate in the Palestinian territories attacking the ruling authority, the Islamist group Hamas, for failing to enforce Sharia law. Hamas forces responded to his sermon by surrounding his Ibn Taymiyyah mosque complex and attacking it. In the fighting that ensued, 24 people (including Sheikh Abdel Latif Moussa himself), were killed and over 130 were wounded.[23]
In 2011, Salafist jihadists were actively involved with protests against King Abdullah II of Jordan,[24] and the kidnapping and killing of Italian peace activist Vittorio Arrigoni in Hamas-controlled Gaza Strip.[25],[26]
In the North Caucasus region of Russia, the Caucasus Emirate replaced the nationalism of Muslim Chechnya and Dagestan with a hard-line Salafist-takfiri jihadist ideology. They are immensely focused on upholding the concept of tawhid (purist monotheism), and fiercely reject any practice of shirk, taqlid, ijtihad and bid‘ah. They also believe in the complete separation between the Muslim and the non-Muslim, by propagating Al Wala' Wal Bara' and declaring takfir against any Muslim who (they believe) is a mushrik (polytheist) and does not return to the observance of tawhid and the strict literal interpretation of the Quran and the Sunnah as followed by Muhammad and his companions (Sahaba).[27]
In Syria and Iraq both Jabhat al-Nusra and ISIS[28] have been described as Salafist-Jihadist. Jabhat al-Nusra has been described as possessing "a hard-line Salafi-Jihadist ideology" and being one of "the most effective" groups fighting the regime.[29] Writing after ISIS victories in Iraq, Hassan Hassan believes ISIS is a reflection of "ideological shakeup of Sunni Islam's traditional Salafism" since the Arab Spring, where salafism, "traditionally inward-looking and loyal to the political establishment" has "steadily, if slowly", been eroded by Salafism-Jihadism.[28]
List of groups[modifier le code]
According to Seth G. Jones of the Rand Corporation as of 2014 there were around 50 Salafist-Jihadist groups in existence or recently in existence ("present" in the list indicates a group's continued existence as of 2014). (Jones defines Salafi-jihadist groups as those emphasizing the importance of returning to a “pure” Islam, that of the Salaf, the pious ancestors; and those believing that violent jihad is fard ‘ayn (a personal religious duty)).[30]
| Name of Group | Base of Operations | Years |
|---|---|---|
| Abdullah Azzam Brigades (Yusuf al-Uyayri Battalions) |
Saudi Arabia | 2009–present |
| Abdullah Azzam Brigades (Ziyad al-Jarrah Battalions) |
Lebanon | 2009–present |
| Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) | Philippines | 1991–present |
| Aden-Abyan Islamic Army (AAIA) | Yemen | 1994–present |
| Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (AIAI) | Somalia, Ethiopia | 1994–2002 |
| Al-Qaeda (core) | Pakistan | 1988–present |
| Al-Qaeda in Aceh (aka Tanzim al Qa’ida Indonesia for Serambi Makkah) |
Indonesia | 2009–2011 |
| Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia) | Saudi Arabia | 2002–2008 |
| Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (Yemen) | Yemen | 2008–present |
| al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM, formerly Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat, GSPC) |
Algeria | 1998–present |
| Al Takfir wal al-Hijrah Israel (Gaza), | Egypt (Sinai) | 2011–present |
| Al-Mulathamun (Mokhtar Belmokhtar) | Mali, Libya, Algeria | 2012–2013 |
| Al-Murabitun (Mokhtar Belmokhtar) | Mali, Libya, Algeria | 2013–present |
| Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia- Union of Islamic Courts (ARS/UIC) |
Somalia, Eritrea | 2006–2009 |
| Ansar al-Islam | Iraq | 2001–present |
| Ansar al-Sharia (Egypt) | Egypt | 2012–present |
| Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) | Libya | 2012–present |
| Ansar al-Sharia (Mali) | Mali | 2012–present |
| Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) | Tunisia | 2011–present |
| Ansar Bait al-Maqdis (aka Ansar Jerusalem) |
Israel (Gaza) | 2012–present |
| Ansaru | Nigeria | 2012–present |
| Osbat al-Ansar (AAA) | Lebanon | 1985–present |
| Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF, aka BIFM) |
Philippines | 2010–present |
| Boko Haram | Nigeria | 2003–present |
| Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (Basayev faction) |
Russia (Chechnya) | 1994–2007 |
| East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM, aka Turkestan Islamic Party) |
China (Xinjang) | 1989–present |
| Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) | Egypt | 1978–2001 |
| Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya | Syria | 2012–present |
| Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen | Somalia | 2002–present |
| Harakat al-Shuada’a al Islamiyah (aka Islamic Martyr’s Movement, IMM) |
Libya | 1996–2007 |
| Harakat Ansar al-Din | Mali | 2011–present |
| Hizbul al Islam | Somalia | 2009–2010 |
| Imarat Kavkaz (IK, or Caucasus Emirate) | Russia (Chechnya) | 2007–present |
| Indian Mujahedeen | India | 2005–present |
| Islamic Jihad Union (aka Islamic Jihad Group) |
Uzbekistan | 2002–present |
| Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) | Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan | 1997–present |
| Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) | Iraq | 2004–present |
| Jabhat al-Nusrah | Syria | 2011–present |
| Jaish ul-Adl | Iran | 2013–present |
| Jaish al-Islam (aka Tawhid and Jihad Brigades) |
Israel (Gaza), Egypt (Sinai) | 2005–present |
| Jaish al-Ummah (JaU) | Israel (Gaza) | 2007–present |
| Jamaat Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis | Egypt (Sinai) | 2011–present |
| Jamaat Ansarullah (JA) | Tajikistan | 2010–present |
| Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid (JAT) | Indonesia | 2008–present |
| Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) | Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore |
1993–present |
| Jondullah | Pakistan | 2003–present |
| Jund al-Sham | Lebanon, Syria, Israel (Gaza), Qatar, Afghanistan |
1999–2008 |
| Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao (KIM) | Philippines | 2013–present |
| Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT, aka Mansoorian) | Pakistan (Kashmir) | 1990–present |
| Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) | Libya | 1990–present |
| Liwa al-Islam | Syria | 2011–present |
| Liwa al-Tawhid | Syria | 2012–present |
| Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (GICM) | Morocco, Western Europe | 1998–present |
| Movement for Tawhid and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) |
Mali | 2011–2013 |
| Muhammad Jamal Network (MJN) | Egypt | 2011–present |
| Mujahideen Shura Council | Israel (Gaza), Egypt (Sinai) | 2011–present |
| Salafia Jihadia (As-Sirat al Moustaquim) | Morocco | 1995–present |
| Suqour al-Sham Brigade | Syria | 2011–2015 |
| Tawhid wal Jihad | Iraq | 1998–2004 |
| Tunisian Combat Group (TCG) | Tunisia, Western Europe | 2000–2011 |
- "Jihadist-Salafism" is introduced by Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2002), pp. 223
- "Jihadist-Salafism" is introduced by Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2002), pp. 220
- « The Rise and Fall of Arab Fighters in Chechnya » (consulté le )
- (en)« The Salafist movement by Bruce Livesey », PBS Frontline, (consulté le )
- (en) Suicide Bombers in Iraq By Mohammed M. Hafez (lire en ligne)
- (en)Iyad El-Baghdadi, « Salafis, Jihadis, Takfiris: Demystifying Militant Islamism in Syria », 15 January 2013 (consulté le )
- (en) Jihad By Gilles Kepel, Anthony F. Roberts (lire en ligne)
- "Jihadist-Salafism" is introduced by Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 260-2
- « Algeria country profile - Overview », sur BBC, (consulté le )
- Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 260-275
- « Islamism, Violence and Reform in Algeria: Turning the Page (Islamism in North Africa III)] », International Crisis Group Report,, (consulté le )
- « FORMER MILITANTS OF EGYPT’S AL-GAMA’A AL-ISLAMIYA STRUGGLE FOR POLITICAL SUCCESS », Terrorism Monitor (Jamestown Foundation), vol. X, no 18, , p. 1 (lire en ligne, consulté le )
- « al-Gama'at al-Islamiyya Jama'a Islamia (Islamic Group, IG) », FAS Intelligence Resource Program (consulté le )
- (en) Seth G. Jones, A Persistent Threat: The Evolution of al Qa’ida and Other Salafi Jihadists, Rand Corporation, , 63–5 p. (lire en ligne), « Table A.1 List of Salafi-Jihadist Groups »
- Andrew Wander, « A history of terror: Al-Qaeda 1988-2008 », The Guardian, The Observer, London, (lire en ligne, consulté le ) :
« 11 AUGUST 1988 Al-Qaeda is formed at a meeting attended by Bin Laden, Zawahiri and Dr Fadl in Peshawar, Pakistan. »
- « The Osama bin Laden I know » [archive], (consulté le )
- Wright 2006, p. 133–134.
- Brian Bennett, « Al Qaeda operative key to 1998 U.S. embassy bombings killed in Somalia », Los Angeles Times, (lire en ligne)
- The Two Faces of Salafism in Azerbaijan. Terrorism Focus Volume: 4 Issue: 40, December 7, 2007, By: Anar Valiyev
- « A Breakdown of Southern Thailand's Insurgent Groups. », Terrorism Monitor, The Jamestown Foundation, vol. 4, no 17, (lire en ligne, consulté le )
- Rohan Gunaratna & Arabinda Acharya , The Terrorist Threat from Thailand: Jihad Or Quest for Justice?
- Zachary Abuza, The Ongoing Insurgency in Southern Thailand, INSS, p. 20
- Al-Quds Al-Arabi (London), August 19, 2009.
- « Jordan protests: Rise of the Salafist Jihadist movement », BBC News (consulté le )
- « Body of Italian found in Gaza Strip house-Hamas », Reuters (consulté le )
- « Italian peace activist killed in Gaza », Al Jazeera English (consulté le )
- Darion Rhodes, Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate, International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, March 2014
- Hassan Hassan, « Isis: a portrait of the menace that is sweeping my homeland », The Guardian, (lire en ligne, consulté le )
- Noman Benotman, « Jabhat al-Nusra, A Strategic Briefing », circa 2012, Quilliam Foundation (consulté le )
- (en) Seth G. Jones, A Persistent Threat: The Evolution of al Qa’ida and Other Salafi Jihadists, Rand Corporation, (lire en ligne), p. 2
Croisé?[modifier le code]
Qu'est ce que les djihadistes salafistes appellent des «croisés»?
- Les chrétiens et les Occidentaux. Tan Khaerr (discuter) 9 décembre 2015 à 23:36 (CET)
Discussion transférée depuis Wikipédia:Pages à fusionner
Même idéologie. Doublon. --Panam2014 (discuter) 3 mars 2016 à 15:04 (CET)
Contre fort Non, pas forcément la même idéologie. Le Salafisme djihadiste est une idéologie précise mais le djihadisme est un concept plus large, des mouvements chiites comme le Hezbollah ou les groupes des Hachd al-Chaabi sont parfois désignées comme « djihadistes » par certains spécialistes, et ce sont les pires ennemis des salafistes djihadistes. Tan Khaerr (discuter) 3 mars 2016 à 15:55 (CET)
Contre Convaincu par l'argumentaire de Tan Khaerr. Apollinaire93 (discuter) 7 mars 2016 à 16:07 (CET)
